Defrag.exe

  • File Path: C:\Windows\system32\Defrag.exe
  • Description: Disk Defragmenter Module

Hashes

Type Hash
MD5 D340F5AE00E1C33F8BDC538D9888C459
SHA1 76B4944AD561C2E5B33971BF84408EB5B65E421C
SHA256 E97F31C6A63C8FE8176892DA0D993B6D7DC9FE8850C91F1FA95C7FCB0177AD65
SHA384 11768410E9FB425D93386AF531435081D1B8F8DDA74EA6A2C2B4144BFE1BE2893FE89EB6CBDFD237C8DC6D89D52518E6
SHA512 826A7746CD8F52C2F9CC9F72CF021FC16178ED489D1F04E03CCC8302691DBC861ED741A6C11FB25A249D72537F5947E161F5CAF11CE15530D21B2073D52AEFBC
SSDEEP 3072:jraLDabiUpYXN9XK3HbnQb4C6c5Q3eSjlR+8qxLijgJyfFOG83Yj34YFnw6OC2cs:6faOU42rt3lRGOUZGKc4YFnwjCpW
IMP C451FEB9457D50EB689BA55A85F91B2C
PESHA1 44CF6DBB2A21F758863F0DC1D4CF10781B0EC98D
PE256 AC77C2EB356ABDA9D5343F6D35BB960672A1B2AEEB6BC5DBB4757CB579861004

Runtime Data

Usage (stdout):

Microsoft Drive Optimizer
Copyright (c) Microsoft Corp.

Please specify a volume to perform the operation on. (0x89000007)

Description:

	Optimizes and defragments files on local volumes to
	improve system performance.

Syntax:

	defrag <volumes> | /C | /E <volumes> [<task(s)>] [/H] [/M [n] | [/U] [/V]] [/I n]

	Where <task(s)> is omitted (traditional defrag), or as follows:
		/A | [/D] [/K] [/L] | /O | /X

	Or, to track an operation already in progress on a volume:
	defrag <volume> /T

Parameters:

	Value	Description
	/A	Perform analysis on the specified volumes.
	/C	Perform the operation on all volumes.
	/D	Perform traditional defrag (this is the default).  On a tiered volume
		though, traditional defrag is performed only on the Capacity tier.
	/E	Perform the operation on all volumes except those specified.
	/G	Optimize the storage tiers on the specified volumes.
	/H	Run the operation at normal priority (default is low).
	/I n	Tier optimization would run for at most n seconds on each volume.
	/K	Perform slab consolidation on the specified volumes.
	/L	Perform retrim on the specified volumes.
	/M [n]	Run the operation on each volume in parallel in the background.
		At most n threads optimize the storage tiers in parallel.
	/O	Perform the proper optimization for each media type.
	/T	Track an operation already in progress on the specified volume.
	/U	Print the progress of the operation on the screen.
	/V	Print verbose output containing the fragmentation statistics.
	/X	Perform free space consolidation on the specified volumes.

Examples:

	defrag C: /U /V
	defrag C: D: /M
	defrag C:\mountpoint /A /U
	defrag /C /H /V

Loaded Modules:

Path
C:\Windows\System32\bcryptPrimitives.dll
C:\Windows\System32\combase.dll
C:\Windows\system32\Defrag.exe
C:\Windows\System32\kernel.appcore.dll
C:\Windows\System32\KERNEL32.DLL
C:\Windows\System32\KERNELBASE.dll
C:\Windows\System32\msvcrt.dll
C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
C:\Windows\System32\RPCRT4.dll
C:\Windows\System32\sechost.dll
C:\Windows\system32\SXSHARED.dll
C:\Windows\System32\ucrtbase.dll

Signature

  • Status: Signature verified.
  • Serial: 3300000266BD1580EFA75CD6D3000000000266
  • Thumbprint: A4341B9FD50FB9964283220A36A1EF6F6FAA7840
  • Issuer: CN=Microsoft Windows Production PCA 2011, O=Microsoft Corporation, L=Redmond, S=Washington, C=US
  • Subject: CN=Microsoft Windows, O=Microsoft Corporation, L=Redmond, S=Washington, C=US

File Metadata

  • Original Filename: Defrag.EXE.MUI
  • Product Name: Windows Drive Optimizer
  • Company Name: Microsoft Corp.
  • File Version: 10.0.17763.1 (WinBuild.160101.0800)
  • Product Version: 10.0.17763.1
  • Language: English (United States)
  • Legal Copyright: Microsoft Corp.
  • Machine Type: 64-bit

File Scan

  • VirusTotal Detections: 0/71
  • VirusTotal Link: https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/e97f31c6a63c8fe8176892da0d993b6d7dc9fe8850c91f1fa95c7fcb0177ad65/detection/

File Similarity (ssdeep match)

File Score
C:\WINDOWS\system32\Defrag.exe 74
C:\WINDOWS\system32\Defrag.exe 65
C:\windows\system32\Defrag.exe 71
C:\Windows\system32\Defrag.exe 71
C:\Windows\system32\Defrag.exe 71
C:\Windows\system32\Defrag.exe 69

Possible Misuse

The following table contains possible examples of Defrag.exe being misused. While Defrag.exe is not inherently malicious, its legitimate functionality can be abused for malicious purposes.

Source Source File Example License
sigma win_apt_slingshot.yml title: Defrag Deactivation DRL 1.0
sigma win_apt_slingshot.yml TaskName: '\Microsoft\Windows\Defrag\ScheduledDefrag' DRL 1.0
sigma sysmon_suspicious_remote_thread.yml - '\defrag.exe' DRL 1.0
sigma proc_creation_win_apt_slingshot.yml title: Defrag Deactivation DRL 1.0
sigma proc_creation_win_apt_slingshot.yml - '\Microsoft\Windows\Defrag\ScheduledDefrag' DRL 1.0

Additional Info*

*The information below is copied from MicrosoftDocs, which is maintained by Microsoft. Available under CC BY 4.0 license.


defrag

Applies to: Windows Server 2022, Windows Server 2019, Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2012

Locates and consolidates fragmented files on local volumes to improve system performance.

Membership in the local Administrators group, or equivalent, is the minimum required to run this command.

Syntax

defrag <volumes> | /c | /e <volumes>    [/h] [/m [n]| [/u] [v]]
defrag <volumes> | /c | /e <volumes> /a [/h] [/m [n]| [/u] [v]]
defrag <volumes> | /c | /e <volumes> /x [/h] [/m [n]| [/u] [v]]
defrag <volume> [<parameters>]

Parameters

Parameter Description
<volume> Specifies the drive letter or mount point path of the volume to be defragmented or analyzed.
/a Perform analysis on the specified volumes.
/c Perform the operation on all volumes.
/d Perform traditional defrag (this is the default). On a tiered volume though, traditional defrag is performed only on the Capacity tier.
/e Perform the operation on all volumes except those specified.
/g Optimize the storage tiers on the specified volumes.
/h Run the operation at normal priority (default is low).
/i [n] Tier optimization would run for at most n seconds on each volume.
/k Perform slab consolidation on the specified volumes.
/l Perform retrim on the specified volumes.
/m [n] Run the operation on each volume in parallel in the background. At most n threads optimize the storage tiers in parallel.
/o Perform the proper optimization for each media type.
/t Track an operation already in progress on the specified volume.
/u Print the progress of the operation on the screen.
/v Print verbose output containing the fragmentation statistics.
/x Perform free space consolidation on the specified volumes.
/? Displays this help information.
Remarks
  • You can’t defragment specific file system volumes or drives, including:

    • Volumes locked by the file system.

    • Volumes the file system marked as dirty, indicating possible corruption.
      You must run chkdsk before you can defragment this volume or drive. You can determine if a volume is dirty by using the fsutil dirty command.

    • Network drives.

    • CD-ROMs.

    • File system volumes that aren’t NTFS, ReFS, Fat or Fat32.

  • To perform this procedure, you must be a member of the Administrators group on the local computer, or you must have been delegated the appropriate authority. If the computer is joined to a domain, members of the Domain Admins group might be able to perform this procedure. As a security best practice, consider using Run As to perform this procedure.

  • A volume must have at least 15% free space for defrag to completely and adequately defragment it. defrag uses this space as a sorting area for file fragments. If a volume has less than 15% free space, defrag will only partially defragment it. To increase the free space on a volume, delete unneeded files or move them to another disk.

  • While defrag is analyzing and defragmenting a volume, it displays a blinking cursor. When defrag is finished analyzing and defragmenting the volume, it displays the analysis report, the defragmentation report, or both reports, and then exits to the command prompt.

  • By default, defrag displays a summary of both the analysis and defragmentation reports if you do not specify the /a or /v parameters.

  • You can send the reports to a text file by typing >FileName.txt, where FileName.txt is a file name you specify. For example: defrag volume /v > FileName.txt

  • To interrupt the defragmentation process, at the command line, press CTRL+C.

  • Running the defrag command and Disk defragmenter are mutually exclusive. If you are using Disk defragmenter to defragment a volume and you run the defrag command at a command-line, the defrag command fails. Conversely, if you run the defrag command and open Disk defragmenter, the defragmentation options in Disk defragmenter are unavailable.

Examples

To defragment the volume on drive C while providing progress and verbose output, type:

defrag c: /u /v

To defragment the volumes on drives C and D in parallel in the background, type:

defrag c: d: /m

To perform a fragmentation analysis of a volume mounted on drive C and provide progress, type:

defrag c: mountpoint /a /u

To defragment all volumes with normal priority and provide verbose output, type:

defrag /c /h /v

Scheduled task

The defragmentation process runs scheduled task as a maintenance task, which typically runs every week. As an Administrator, you can change the how often the task runs by using the Optimize Drives app.

  • When run from the scheduled task, defrag uses the below policy guidelines for SSDs:

    • Traditional optimization processes. Includes traditional defragmentation, for example moving files to make them reasonably contiguous and retrim. This is done once per month. However, if both traditional defragmentation and retrim are skipped, then analysis isn’t run. Changing the frequency of the scheduled task does not affect the once per month cadence for the SSDs.

    • If you manually run traditional defragmentation on a SSD, between your normally scheduled runs, the next scheduled task run performs analysis and retrim, but skips traditional defragmentation on that SSD.

    • If you skip analysis, you won’t see an updated Last run time in the Optimize Drives app. Because of that, the Last run time can be up to a month old.

    • You might find that scheduled task hasn’t defragmented all volumes. This is typically because:

      • The process won’t wake the computer to run.

      • The computer isn’t plugged in. The process won’t run if the computer is running on battery power.

      • The computer started back up (resumed from idle).

Additional References


MIT License. Copyright (c) 2020-2021 Strontic.